FRAMEWORK

Glossary of Editing terms

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5.1 – a six-channel surround sound audio system (comprising three front speakers, two rear speakers and a subwoofer). Currently the most commonly used audio configuration domestically and commercially

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A/B editing – the process of combining two or more sources of footage with transition effects

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AIFF – Audio Interchange File Format, developed by Apple and used on iOS systems.

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Alpha channel – A channel used in graphics software for saving additional information to define transparent areas used for superimpositions and keying. Used in techniques such as animation. Also known as alpha mask

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Analogue – An older, lower resolution video and/or audio source which, when holding material to be edited using current technology, must be digitised. Degradation is common when duplicating analogue material from one generation to another

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Animate – The action of moving and/or manipulating a graphic or object (such as a slide, a photo with caption or a title) or to transition between frames

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Anamorphic – Shooting or storing widescreen video on media with a non-widescreen native aspect ratio. Widescreen pictures are ‘squeezed’ horizontally and stored in a 4:3 shape. The squeezed or distorted image is later ‘stretched’ by an anamorphic projection lens (such as a DVD player) to recreate the original aspect ratio for display on a viewing screen

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Anti-alias – smoothing out or removing jagged edges (also known as a ‘stair-step’ appearance) or motion between points within graphic elements, such as titles and 3D objects

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Aspect ratio – the shape of a picture or frame (‘ratio’ refers to the ratio of the width of the image to its height). Common aspect ratios are 4:3 (former standard television aspect ratio, also known as 1.33:1) and 16:9 (widescreen). Others include 2.35:1, which results in a ‘letterbox’ effect

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Assemble edit/assembly edit – one of the stages of editing, also known as the ‘rough cut’ or ‘editor’s cut’, in which shots are assembled sequentially in a strictly linear fashion

Attenuate – to reduce volume

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Audio Effects palette – a feature within Adobe Premiere that presents a list of available audio effects, sorted according to type, that can be customised

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Audio lag - A split edit which is used to extend a clip’s audio over the beginning of the video clip that follows (so that the first clip’s audio cuts after the video)

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Audio lead –A split edit which lays the start of a clip’s audio over the end of the preceding clip’s video. Used as a lead-in to the visual transition

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Audio Mixer window – a feature within Adobe Premiere that monitors and controls the volume level and balance of multiple audio tracks

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Audio waveform – Graphical representation of an audio clip’s signal levels

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AVI – Audio Video Interleaved (or Audio Video Interleave), a multimedia container format (ie contains both audio and video data) introduced by Microsoft

 

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Balance – Distribution of two audio channels

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Bandpass effects – Audio effects intended to remove ‘noise’ (ie, specific frequencies that manifest as hisses and hums) from audio clips

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Batch capture – caching or ingesting a group of clips in a single, automated action rather than capturing them individually

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Bin window – The window, within Adobe Premiere, that’s used to import and organise source clips

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Bit stream – Video/audio data that has been compressed and/or is transmitted from one device to another

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Blue screen – Also known as green screen: a special effects technique in which a background with a specific colour, typically within a studio, that is matched with a chroma key  so that it can be ‘replaced’ with another video layer

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Caption –Text that identifies a location or person

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CBR – Constant Bit Rate, the compression rate at which each unit of input material is always compressed to the same output size. Useful for streaming multimedia content on limited capacity channels

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Channel – the components of a clip, be it audio (eg, left and right channels) or video (eg, alpha channel)

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Chroma key – A special effects procedure. See Blue screen, above

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Chrominance – The element of a video signal that conveys colour, typically split into two components: U = B′ − Y′ (blue − luma) and V = R′ − Y′ (red − luma)

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Codec – short for compressor/decompressor. Technology for compressing (encoding) and decompressing (decoding) data, codecs can be implemented in software, hardware or both

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Commands palette – A small floating window within Adobe Premiere containing a customisable list of preset commands

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Composite video – A video signal that combines brightness and colour

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Component video – A video signal that comprises three separate components

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Compositing – Superimposing, or overlaying, multiple layers of digital video (each may move independently), a facility found in painting, drawing and graphics applications

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Compress – to reduce the size of a digital file. Data/content that has been compressed must be decompressed for playback. Compression systems include MPEG, JPEG and DV

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Continuity – The  logical progression of recorded or edited events which requires attention to on-screen items such as costume, props and sets

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Crawl – A scrolling line of text usually at the bottom of the screen. Also known as a ticker

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Cross-fade –A smooth transition during which one clip fades out as the following one fades in

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Cut –An instant transition between clips, the most basic edit

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Cutaway –A shot of something related to the principal action, often used to hide another edit

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Data rate – The speed at which data is transferred between devices. Also known as bit rate

Decompress – to restore a digital file to its original size

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Deinterlace – the process of correcting interlaced video in which each frame contains alternating pairs of lines from two separate fields. The error manifests as a visible ‘shuddering’ of the picture when viewed. De-interlacing uses every other line from one field and interpolates new in-between lines without tearing

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Delay – An audio effect that causes a sound to echo

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Dissolve – A transition, similar to the cross-fade, in which a clip gradually fades into the next

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Dolby Digital – The standard audio format on DVDs, HD TV and digital cable and satellite transmission

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DPP – the Digital Production Partnership, an initiative formed by public service broadcasters based in the UK and Ireland, which seeks to standardise television’s technical delivery requirements

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Dub – To duplicate a file or other piece of content, traditionally from a master tape to another tape

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Duration – the length, or running time, of a clip or production

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DVE – Digital Video Effect(s): the modification of a picture (eg by ‘squeezing’ from one side), often used at the conclusion of a programme by broadcasters to reveal (advertise) a menu or other item that may be following or broadcast at a later time or date

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Dynamic range – the difference between the quietest and loudest sounds in a clip or production. Can be decreased (compressed) or expanded.

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Edit – The post-production process of rearranging, adding and/or removing audio and/or video clips in a pre-determined sequence

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Effect– A device used to enhance, alter, improve, distort or otherwise amend a pre-existing clip

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Editline – The editor’s current editing point in the Timeline, as displayed in the Monitor window and used for inserts and deletes

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Export – The process of saving a piece of work to an external device or as a file to be used on another device

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Fade – A gradual transition from a clip to or from a black or white full-frame

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Field – For interlaced video sources, a full frame is constructed from alternating odd and even lines from two video fields captured at slightly different times

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FPS – Frames per second: the number of frames that are shown on a screen per second.  PAL and SECAM video are delivered to the screen at 25 FPS, NTSC video at 30 FPS. Cinema films run at 24 FPS

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Frames – Individual video images that comprise a moving sequence

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Frame rate –Playback speed

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Four-point edit – A method of setting in-points and out-points to control where and how frames are inserted into a timeline

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Freeze frame – A technique in which a particular frame of video is held, for example at the end of a sitcom, where the action is ‘frozen’ just after delivery of the final punchline

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Gain – Volume of the audio output

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Gamma – A setting used to adjust the brightness of the mid-tones of an image

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Gang – To adjust multiple audio tracks simultaneously (as in the Premiere Audio Mixer window)

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Garbage matte – A mask used in a keying operation to remove unwanted objects within a frame

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Generation loss – Degradation in the quality of video and/or audio due to duplication from an original analogue recording

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Gradient – The gradual change from one colour or level of intensity to another

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History palette – Another feature of Adobe Premiere that’s presented in a floating window, the history palette displays the editor’s latest actions. The ‘undo’ feature returns a clip or file to a previous state

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Hz – Hertz, a measurement used for audio sampling

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Import – A method used to bring media files into a current working platform or application

In-point – The starting point of a clip, marked by a specific timecode

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Info palette – Another feature of Adobe Premiere that’s presented in a floating window, the info palette displays that displays information about a selected clip or transition.

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Insert edit – An edit where the some or all of the original video and audio are replaced with new footage

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Interlaced video –Frames of video that consist of alternating lines taken from two separate fields captured at slightly different times (which are then interlaced or interleaved into the alternating odd and even lines of the full video frame).

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Interpolate – Creating smooth transitions for video effects by creating gradual steps between multiple key frames

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Jog – The practice of spooling slowly through footage or a clip

Jump cut – An abrupt, sudden and/or unnatural transition between two shots which feature the same subject

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Key – To specify a region of an image or video clip to be used as a mask for transparency (in order to make part of the scene transparent or semitransparent and composite it with other superimposed images or video tracks)

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Key frame – A key frame is a single still image in an animated sequence that occurs at an important point in that sequence. Key frames are defined throughout an animated sequence in order to define pivotal points of motion before the frames in between are drawn or otherwise created to ‘tween’ the motion between the two key frames.

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Layering – Adding (superimposing) multiple layers of video

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Linear editing – Analogue, tape-based editing, so-called because clips are laid in a line along the tape

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Log – A list of clips which comprise a longer sequence and are identified by in- and out-points

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Lossless – A compression system which retains all the original video and audio data and does not degrade video and/or sound quality. A compression system that removes some of this original information – in order to reduce the size of the data – is known as lossy (eg, JPEG and MP3)

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Luminance – The intensity or brightness of a video signal, usually represented by the letter Y

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Marker – A placeholder used to mark a specific timecode in a clip or sequence

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Mask – A technique used to selectively obscure or hold back parts of an image while allowing other parts to show, for example, a selection might be laid over another layer or turned into an alpha channel

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Master – the original video or audio source, or finished media from which copies are made

Matte – combining two or more image elements into a single, final image. Usually used to combine a foreground image with a background image

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Mic – Microphone audio input

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MiniDV – Popular camcorder video format

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Monitor – Video: A display unit similar to a television set but with superior visual quality and without a tuner; Audio: a speaker

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Mono – Monophonic audio, ie a single channel of audio

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Motion blur – The effect of blurring the background behind a speeding object

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MPEG – (abbreviation for Moving Picture Experts Group) A set of standards used for coding audio/video data in a compressed format

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NAS – Network-attached storage

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Navigator palette – A small window within Premiere that displays a small view of the current Timeline work area within the overall programme

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Non-linear editing (NLE) – Digital, computer-based, non-destructive editing, so-called because a hard drive allows the easy arrangement of clips in any order

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NTSC – (abbreviation for National Television Standards Committee) The television broadcasting system used in North America and Japan, producing pictures made up of 525 alternating lines for each frame of video (60 fields/30 frames per second)

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Opaque – Areas of a superimposed image that are solid – not transparent – and therefore cover underlying images

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Out-point – The end point of a clip, marked by a specific timecode

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Overscan – The outer edges of a video image that are typically cut off by consumer

television sets to ensure that the image fills the entire display

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PAL – (abbreviation for Phase Alternating Line) The television broadcasting system used in most of Europe, producing pictures made up of 625 alternating lines for each frame of video (50 fields/25 frames per second)

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Pan – Positioning a mono audio track between the left and right stereo channels

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Pan and scan – a method of adjusting widescreen film images so that they can be shown within the proportions of a standard definition 4:3 aspect ratio television screen, often cropping off the sides of the original widescreen image to focus on the material’s most important aspects

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Pan-and-zoom – A technique to create moving video from high-resolution still images

Picture-in-picture – A special effects technique in which two video images are combined and displayed simultaneously, one being reduced in size or cropped and placed within the frame of the other

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Pixels – The elements (dots) that make up a digital image or video frame

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Pre-roll – the segment of tape or part of a media file that precedes the material, intended to get the tape up to speed before the programme appears

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Project file – The media file that is created when edit work is saved, the extension of which is determined by the software being used. Work created using Premiere, for example, will  be saved as .ppj files

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Project window – The main Premiere window, in which an editor may import, save and organise clips

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Render – Creating a production in its final form or creating a special effect, animation or editing task

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Resolution – The dimensions, in pixels, of an image, usually expressed as the number of horizontal pixels by the number of vertical pixels

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Reverb – An audio effect used to create, to varying degrees, reverberation

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Reversioning – Can include a range of tasks, such as down-converting from HD, editing to change the duration and adding breaks, converting to 4:3 from 16:9 or ice versa, changing graphics, altering the voiceover and remixing, updating the clock and providing viewing DVDs of the programme

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RGB – Red, green, blue. Full-colour video signal format consisting of three elements

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Ripple edit – Inserting material between clips that have already been edited together with the effect that those existing clips adjust automatically to accommodate the new ones

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Rolling edit – Adjusting and trimming two adjacent clips

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Rough cut– one of the stages of editing, also known as the ‘assembly edit’ or ‘editor’s cut’, in which shots are assembled sequentially in a strictly linear fashion

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Rushes – Raw footage

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Safe area/safe zone – Margins around programme material which are created when working with material intended for television broadcast

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Sample rate – Typically expressed in samples per second, or hertz (Hz), the rate at which samples of an analogue signal are taken in order to be converted into digital form

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Scale – To reduce or enlarge video or an image by squeezing or stretching

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Scratch disk – A work area, on hard disk space, within Adobe Premiere used for temporary storage and saving preview files

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Scrub – To play a programme in the Premiere Timeline by dragging the edit line

Shuttle – To spool rapidly through video material

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Source view – The display of a clip or rushes for viewing and editing

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Split-screen – A divided displaying two clips or pieces of footage

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Stereo – Two-channel audio (left and right)

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Still frame –A single image or frame of video

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Stinger – A category of very short soundtracks (typically between three and eight seconds in duration). These are often sounds or effects used to accompany transitions, video effects or animated sequences

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Superimpose –To place or lay one element over another so that both are still evident

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Surround sound –Multichannel audio set-up featuring front and rear sources of sound

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Sync / synchronise(d) / in sync – i) two identical clips playing simultaneously and at the same speed; ii) a clip or sequence that whose video is synchronised with the

accompanying audio (for example, to the beat of music); iii) a clip whose audio and video are aligned perfectly and as intended

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Talking head – A clip featuring the head and shoulders of the person talking, often used for interviews

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Three-point edit – A method of setting in-points and out-points to control where and how frames are inserted into a timeline. Differs from a four-point edit since three markers are determined manually and Premiere sets the fourth accordingly

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Timecode – a time or code assigned to a specific frame or point in video or film. Measured in hh:mm:ss:ff format

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Timeline – A timing-focused view of multiple sources being combined to produce edited material. Timelines often display tracks – horizontal sections representing various sources or types of material (eg, audio, video, graphics)

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Timeline editing – A non-linear method of editing in which clips are represented on a monitor by bars proportional to the length of the clip

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Title – Text/graphics used for indication and/or information pertaining to a production. Can include opening titles, subtitles and end credits

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Transcode – To convert from one compression format to another

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Transition – How one clip or sequence changes to another

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Transparent – Regions of a superimposed image that are invisible and therefore reveal some or all of the underlying image

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Trim – To remove frames from the beginning and/or end of a clip or sequence

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Timeline – A timing-focused view of multiple sources being combined to produce edited material

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VBR – Variable Bit Rate, the compression rate at which each unit of input material can be compressed to different sizes. Takes efficient advantage of available bandwidth capacity

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VTR – Video tape recorder. Also known as VT

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VU meter – A volume unit meter, a device used to display a representation of the signal level in audio equipment

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WAV – Waveform audio file format used with Microsoft Windows

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Wipe – A transition during which a clip is effectively ‘pushed’ from one side of the frame (be it left, right, top or bottom) to reveal the next clip. The speed of a wipe can be adjusted and can be a line or pattern

 

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YUV – Full-colour video signal format, consisting of three elements: Y (luminance), and U and V (chrominance)

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(Courtesy of https://www.frame-25.com/glossary-of-terms-for-video-editing-jobs/)